Exposures to foreign compounds (toxic compounds, drugs, and carcinogens) can disrupt normal cellular processes leading to toxicity. This course will focus on the molecular mechanisms by which chemical exposures lead to end-organ injury and diseases. Students will learn the difficulties in modeling responses to low-dose chronic exposures, how these exposures are influenced by metabolism and disposition, and how reactive intermediates alter the function of biomolecules. Mechanisms are responsible for cellular damage, aberrant repair, and end-organ injury will be discussed. Students will also learn about the process of drug development.