Is a "hands-on" laboratory course designed to enable students to gain basic skills in molecular diagnosis and cytogenetics. This type of course typically covers a wide range of techniques essential for studying DNA, RNA and protein, which include isolating genomic DNA from various biological samples, quantifying DNA concentration, and assessing DNA quality, electrophoresis of nucleic acids, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) applications in molecular diagnostics: including quantitative PCR (qPCR), reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR), multiplex PCR, ARMS-PCR, restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) and real-time PCR for detection and quantification of nucleic acids, DNA sequencing, DNA cloning, cell culture, chromosomal staining and analysis. The course may also emphasize critical thinking, experimental design, data analysis, and interpretation, preparing students for further studies in molecular biology, genetics, cytogenetics and biotechnology, or related fields.