This course provides advanced theoretical knowledge of molecular biology principles and their application in clinical molecular diagnostics. It focuses on nucleic acid structure and function, gene expression, and regulatory mechanisms as the foundation for modern diagnostic technologies. Emphasis is placed on advanced molecular diagnostic techniques used in clinical laboratories for disease detection, prognosis, and therapeutic monitoring, including nucleic acid?based assays, genomic technologies, and biomarker analysis. The course also covers quality assurance, analytical workflows, and clinical interpretation of molecular test results in oncology, infectious diseases, and genetic disorders. Through integration of foundational concepts with clinical applications, the course enhances critical thinking and prepares graduate students in Medical Laboratory Sciences to understand, evaluate, and apply advanced molecular diagnostic methodologies in contemporary laboratory practice.