Units, Dimensions, and standards. Measurement errors. Statistical analysis of experimental data. Operational amplifier circuits in instrumentation. Transducers: mechanical, thermal, optical. Measurements of basic electrical quantities: electromechanical indicating instruments, electronics multi-meters, digital multi-meters, ac bridges. Digital-signal conditioning: analogue-to-digital convertors, digital-to-analogue converters, sample-and-hold circuits, data acquisition hardware, IEEE 488 instrumentation bus. Oscilloscopes: vertical deflection system, horizontal deflection system, digital storage oscilloscopes. Spectrum analyzers.