The animal physiology course is of three credits total (2 weekly mandatory lecture hours and 1 meeting of 3 laboratory contact hours) usually given over two terms (fall and summer) a year. This course is designed to introduce physiological concepts and function in living systems particularly humans and other mammals. The course focuses on organ-system physiology, however, cellular and molecular mechanisms are discussed in order to present a current view of physiological principles. The course will include various physiological processes in animal tissues and detailed consideration of organ systems in an integrative approach, specifically; body fluids and electrolyte balance, membrane transport, renal, muscular, nervous, blood, cardiovascular, digestive, respiratory and endocrine systems. The laboratory component of the course serves to emphasize and reinforce the topics discussed in lecture, as well as to familiarize students with some of the laboratory techniques and equipment.