The animal physiology course is of three credits total usually given over two terms (fall and summer) a year. This course is designed to introduce physiological concepts and function in living systems particularly humans and other mammals. The course focuses on human systems physiology and function at different levels with some considerations to other animal systems for comparison and to understand the mechanisms through which these systems operate. However, cellular and molecular mechanisms are discussed in order to present a current view of physiological principles. The course will include various physiological processes in animal tissues and detailed consideration of organ systems in an integrative approach, specifically; body fluids and electrolyte balance, membrane transport, renal, muscular, nervous, blood, cardiovascular, digestive, respiratory and endocrine systems.