This course will address several topics not covered normally by undergraduate microbiology courses; the course will address the following topics; Production of antibiotics and their effect on the normal and pathogenic microflora of the human body. Microbiome and its effect on health and diseases. The environmental microbiome; Use of bacteria in cancer therapy and bio-control of MDR bacteria when every antibiotic treatment fails; i.e using bacteriophage and predator bacteria; Biofilms and infections; Tumor-associated viruses. Phylogenetic analysis of microorganisms and studying the relationships among them.